https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhaylo_Maksymovych
Mykhaylo Oleksandrovych Maksymovych[1] (Ukrainian: Михайло Олександрович Максимович; Russian: Михаил Александрович Максимович; 3 September 1804 – 10 November 1873) was a famous Ukrainian and Russian professor of botany, historian and writer of a Ukrainian Cossack background.
He contributed to the life sciences, especially botany and zoology, and to linguistics, folklore, ethnography, history, literary studies, and archaeology.
In 1871 he was elected as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian language and literature department. Maksymovych also[clarification needed] was a member of the Nestor the Chronicler Historical Association that existed in Kiev in 1872-1931.
Maksymovych was born into an old Ukrainian Cossack family which owned a small estate on Mykhailova Hora near Prokhorivka, Zolotonosha county in Poltava Governorate (now in Cherkasy Oblast) in Left-bank Ukraine. After receiving his high school education at Novgorod-Severskiy Gymnasium, he studied natural science and philology at philosophy faculty of Moscow University and later the medical faculty, graduating with his first degree in 1823, his second in 1827; thereafter, he remained at the university in Moscow for further academic work in botany. In 1833 he received his doctorate and was appointed as a professor for the chair of botany in the Moscow University.
He taught biology and was director of the botanical garden at the university. During this period, he published extensively on botany and also on folklore and literature, and got to know many of the leading lights of Russian intellectual life including the Russian poet, Alexander Pushkin and Russian writer, Nikolay Gogol, and shared his growing interest in Cossack history with them.
In 1834, he was appointed professor of Russian literature at the newly created Saint Vladimir University in Kiev and also became the university's first rector, a post that he held until 1835. (This university had been established by the Russian government to reduce Polish influence in Ukraine and Maksymovych was, in part, an instrument of this policy). Maksymovych elaborated wide-ranging plans for the expansion of the university which eventually included attracting eminent Ukrainians and Russians like, Nikolay Kostomarov, and Taras Shevchenko to teach there.
In 1847, he was deeply affected by the arrest, imprisonment, and exile of the members of the Pan-Slavic Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, many of whom, like the poet Taras Shevchenko, were his friends or students. Thereafter, he buried himself in scholarship, publishing extensively.
---
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish
| Born | August 7, 1819 |
|---|---|
| Died | February 14, 1897 (aged 77) |
| Occupation | writer, critic, poet, folklorist, translator |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
Panteleimon Oleksandrovych Kulish (also spelled Panteleymon or Pantelejmon Kuliš, Ukrainian: Пантелеймон Куліш, August 7, 1819 – February 14, 1897) was a Ukrainian writer, critic, poet, folklorist, and translator.
Panteleimon Kulish, born 7 August 1819 in Voronizh (now in Sumy Oblast), d 14 February 1897 in Motronivka, Chernigov Governorate. Prominent writer, historian, ethnographer, and translator. He was born into an impoverished Cossack-gentry family. After completing only five years at the Novhorod-Siverskyi gymnasium he enrolled at Kiev University in 1837 but was not allowed to finish his studies because he was not a noble. He obtained a teaching position in Lutsk in 1840. There he wrote his first historical novel in Russian Mykhailo Charnyshenko, or Little Russia Eighty Years Ago (2 vols, 1843). Mykhailo Maksymovych promoted Kulish's literary efforts and published several of his early stories. His first longer work written in Ukrainian was the epic poem Ukrana (1843). In 1843–5 Kulish taught in Kiev and studied Ukrainian history and ethnography. There he befriended Taras Shevchenko, Mykola Kostomarov, and Vasyl Bilozersky; their circle later became the nucleus of the secret Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood... Panteleimon Kulish was the first person known to translate the whole of the Bible into the modern Ukrainian language and was also the first to write historical novels in Ukrainian. His most famous contribution in this field was the novel Chorna Rada (The Black Council) which was set in Cossack times. Kulish was also active in historical writing, composing a brief history of Ukraine in verse (under the title Ukraina) and a much larger History of the Reunification of Rus in three volumes. The latter dealt with the era of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in the seventeenth century. His two-volume collection of Ukrainian folklore, Notes on Southern Rus retains its scholarly significance to the present day.
During his early years at the University of Kiev, Kulish came under the influence of the historian and literary figure Mykhaylo Maksymovych who turned his attention to his native Ukrainian culture. In the 1840s, he became close to the poet Taras Shevchenko, and the historian Mykola Kostomarov and participated in the illegal Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius which envisioned a Ukrainian national rebirth, including national independence, within a free and equal Slavic federation.
In 1847, Kulish was arrested for his participation in this organization, and spent some time in prison and a few years in exile.
In the late 1850s, he was reunited with Kostomarov and others of the Cyril-Methodian "Brethren" and participated in the Ukrainian journal Osnova (The Foundation). At this time, he published his famous Notes on Southern Rus' in which he pioneered a new Ukrainian orthography for the Ukrainian vernacular, the Kulishivka alphabet, based on phonetics rather than etymology. This later became the basis of the modern written Ukrainian language.
In the 1860s and 1870s, he gradually turned more conservative and began to criticize Shevchenko, the Cossack revolts, and the ideal of the Cossacks as the defenders of popular liberty. Eventually, despite Tsarist repression of Ukrainian culture and the ban on the appearance of the Ukrainian language in print, he developed a theory that Ukraine and Russia should be politically united but divergent in culture, an approach which won few adherents among the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the time. Nevertheless, this conservative approach to Ukrainian affairs was never completely exinguished and was later resurrected in a different form by other Ukrainian political thinkers such as Vyacheslav Lypynsky, Stepan Tomashivsky, and others.
In the 1880s, Kulish visited Austrian Galicia and, in light of the ban on Ukrainian publications in the Russian Empire, cooperated with the Ukrainian cultural and political leaders there. Thus he was one of the first Ukrainian figures to, at least in part, successfully bridge the gap between Russian and Austrian Ukraine.
He spent his last years isolated on his homestead in eastern Ukraine. During these years he translated a great deal of west European literature, including Shakespeare, into Ukrainian.
----
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen_Hrebinka
| Born | Євген Павлович Гребінка February 2, 1812 Ubizhyshche, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire |
|---|---|
| Died | December 15, 1848 (aged 36) Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Literary movement | Romanticism |
| Spouse | Maria Rostenberg[1] (from 1844) |
Yevhen Pavlovych Hrebinka (Ukrainian: Євген Павлович Гребінка) or Evgeny Pavlovich Grebyonka (Russian: Евге́ний Па́влович Гребёнка) (2 February 1812, Ubizhyshche (today – Marianivka), Poltava Governorate - 15 December 1848, Saint Petersburg) was a Ukrainian romantic[2] prose writer, poet, and philanthropist. He wrote in both the Ukrainian and Russian languages. He was an older brother of the Russian architect Mykola Hrebinka.
In 1834 he moved to Saint Petersburg and published "Little Russian Fables" in Moscow which, because of its vivid and pure language, wit, laconic style, and attention to ethnographic detail, ranks among the best collections of fables in Ukrainian literature.[3] Many of his lyrical poems, such as A Ukrainian Melody (1839) became folk songs. Hrebinka is recognized as a leading representative of the so-called "Ukrainian school" of Russian literature.[3] In June 1835 through Ivan Soshenko, he met with Taras Shevchenko. In 1836 Hrebinka published his translated version of Poltava in the Ukrainian language.
Many of his Russian language works include Ukrainian themes, such as Stories of a Pyriatynian (1837), the historical poems Hetman Svirgovskii (1839) and Bogdan (1843), the novelette The Nizhen Colonel Zolotarenko (1842), and the novel Chaikovskii (1843). In 1843 he wrote a poem "Dark Eyes" that would later become a famous Russian song with the same name.
Beginning in 1837, Hrebinka worked as a teacher of the Russian language in the Noble Regiment, collected works in the Ukrainian language, and was involved in publishing Otechestvennye Zapiski in the magazine's final years. After being refused, he compiled and published another Ukrainian almanac, Lastôvka, in 1841. It had 382 pages and contained works by many famous Ukrainian authors, along with Ukrainian folk songs, popular proverbs, and folktales
Hrebinka took kindly to a young artist and serf, Taras Shevchenko, and helped connect him with members of the Saint Petersburg elite, who organized Shevchenko's liberation from serfdom in 1838. He also helped publish Shevchenko's Kobzar in 1840.[3] In 1840 Otechestvennye Zapiski published his novella Notes of a student, while Utrenneya zarya published novella Wader. In 1842 he wrote novella Senya. In 1843 Hrebinka travelled to Kharkiv and together with Taras Shevchenko he visited Tetyana Volkhovskaya in her manor in Moisivka (near Drabiv). The same year Otechestvennye Zapiski published his novel Chaikovsky with epigraphs taken out of the Shevchenko's works. In 1844 Hrebinka married Maria Rostenberg and the same year his other novel Doktor was published.
Not long before the establishment of Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Hrebinka met with Panteleimon Kulish in 1845 and wrote a story Petersburg side. In 1846 he started to publish his collection of prose work and before own death late in 1848 managed to release eight volumes. In 1847, Hrebinka established, out of his own pocket, a parish school for peasant children in Rudky village, not far from where he was born. The same year his novellas Zaborov and Adventures of the Blue Assignation were published.
--
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_%28Orthodox_lay_societies%29#cite_note-enc-2
Brotherhoods (Ukrainian: братства, bratstva; literally, "fraternities") were the secular unions of Orthodox citizens or lay societies affiliated with individual churches[1] in the cities throughout Ruthenian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth such as Lviv, Wilno, Lutsk, Vitebsk, Minsk, and Kiev. They adapted the structure of the Western medieval confraternities and trade guilds.[1]
The Orthodox brotherhoods, first documented in 1463 (Lviv Dormition Brotherhood), were consolidated in the aftermath of the Union of Brest (1596) in order to oppose a rise in the Roman Catholic proselytism, Jesuit expansionism and general Polonization.[1] The brotherhoods attempted to stem the state-supported Catholic missionary activities by publishing Cyrillic books and financing a net of brotherhood schools which offered education in the Ruthenian language.[2] The famous Kiev Mohyla Academy grew out of one such school under the umbrella of the Brotherhood Monastery in Kiev. The Dormition Church, Lviv was financed by the brotherhood of the same name; its members also supported the Cossack risings in the east of Ukraine. The powerful Ostrogski family provided political support for their activities.
The activity of the Orthodox fraternities helped preserve the national culture of Ukraine and Belarus throughout the Counter-Reformation era.[3] Most were closed in the course of the 18th century when Catholic proselytism was on the wane. Some were revived in the late 19th century in order to stem "atheist propaganda" of the Nihilists.[2] The Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius promoted national awareness, helping the Ukrainians of Imperial Russia discover their national identity. The Ostrog bratstvo was reinstituted by Countess Bludova, an ardent admirer of the Ostrogski family.
---
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko[6] (March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1814 – March 10 [O.S. February 26] 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, as well as folklorist and ethnographer. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko is also known for many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator [7].
He was a member of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1847 Shevchenko was politically convicted for writing in the Ukrainian language, promoting the independence of Ukraine and ridiculing the members of the Russian Imperial House
On March 22, 1845, the Council of the Academy of Arts granted Shevchenko the title of an non-classed artist. He again travelled to Ukraine where he met with historian Nikolay Kostomarov and other members of the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a clandestine society also known as Ukrainian-Slavic society[8] and dedicated to the political liberalization of the Empire and its transformation into a federation-like polity of Slavic nations.[8] Upon the society's suppression by the authorities, Shevchenko's wrote a poem "Dream", that was confiscated from the society's members and became one of the major issues of the scandal.[55]
Shevchenko was arrested along with other members of the society on April 5, 1847[56]. Tsar Nicholas read Shevchenko's poem, "Dream". Vissarion Belinsky wrote in his memoirs that,
Nicholas I, knowing Ukrainian very well, laughed and chuckled whilst reading the section about himself, but his mood quickly turned to bitter hatred when he read about his wife. Shevchenko had mocked her frumpy appearance and facial tics, which she had developed fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. After reading this section the Tsar indignantly stated "I suppose he had reasons not to be on terms with me, but what has she done to deserve this?"[57][58]
Dogged by terrible misfortune in love and life, the poet died seven days before the Emancipation of Serfs was announced. His works and life are revered by Ukrainians throughout the world and his impact on Ukrainian literature is immense.
--
http://litopys.org.ua/shevchenko/belinsky.htm
http://русскоедвижение.рф/index.php/history/52-articles/10580
English translation of Dream:
http://taras-shevchenko.infolike.net/the-dream-a-comedy-poem-of-taras-shevchenko-ukrainian-to-english-translation-by-vera-rich.html
TG Shevchenko April 5, 1847 was arrested near Kiev in connection with the case of the secret society "Cyril and Methodius brotherhood." Although the investigation did not prove his involvement in the Society, he brutally paid for his anti-government poems discovered during his arrest. According to the verdict of the investigative commission, he was appointed private in the Orenburg separate building. The resolution of Nicholas I read: "Under the strictest supervision and with the prohibition to write and draw."
"Passion" for the emperor and the empress - the famous satirical poem
Shevchenko's "Dream" (1844), directed against Nicholas I and Alexandra
Feodorovna.
The sharp and unfair review of Belinsky about Shevchenko was caused by
slanderous rumors about the great Ukrainian revolutionary poet, the
widespread III department.
Not acquainted with the true views of Shevchenko, Belinsky suspected
him of bourgeois nationalism and the desire to tear Ukraine away from
Russia.
Belinsky apparently received these false information from MM Popov, the
author of a secret memorandum on the "Cyril and Methodius Society" (see
LN, vol. 56, p. 245, as well as the memoirs of AM Petrov "From the
distant past" "Links", V, 1935, pp. 323-327).
--
"Martyr of Freedom"
In literary criticism, both pre-revolutionary "progressive", and in
Soviet, and even more so in modern Ukrainian, Shevchenko is portrayed as
a free-lance poet, an inflexible fighter against the autocracy, who
suffered for their convictions. The verdict handed down to the poet Emperor Nicholas I was really severe. But the reason for the severity is not the freedom of Taras Grigorievich. It's different.
The professional Shevchenko scholars still do not like to remember
this, but the fact remains: from the serfdom Kobzar bought (with the
mediation of Karl Bryullov and Vasily Zhukovsky) Empress Alexandra
Feodorovna, the wife of Nicholas I. This circumstance did not prevent,
however, Taras Grigorievich from writing to the Empress Vile libel
(which became part of the poem "Dream"). To compose, rather, by stupidity, to some extent accidentally. Staggering on the youth companies, the poet made various acquaintances.
He also fell into the circle of evil-tongued liberal low-minded people,
where satirical verses of an anti-government orientation were extremely
popular. To amuse the new-found friends, took up such writing and Shevchenko.
Later, when he was in Ukraine, he entertained the liberals of his local
acquaintances with similar works, some of which (which Taras
Grigorievich probably did not know) were in the secret Cyril and
Methodius society. In 1847, this society was defeated by the gendarmes. During searches, members of the organization were seized with Shevchenko's poems (including the poem "The Dream"). Investigative materials were provided to the Emperor.
They say that Nicholas I laughed heartily, reading the Shevchenko lines
directed against him, and although he called the poet a fool, he was
not at all inclined to punish him. However, having reached the place where the Empress had filthy mud, the Emperor was enraged. "Suppose he had reasons to be displeased with me and hate me, but for what reason?" Asked the monarch. Shevchenko was arrested and taken to the capital. He did not realize the danger immediately. According to eyewitnesses, all the way from Kiev to Petersburg, Taras Grigoryevich continually laughed, joked, sang songs.
He did not belong to the secret society, apparently did not attach much
importance to his poems, and therefore perceived the arrest as an
amusing adventure, being sure of his imminent release.
Only after being subjected to strict interrogation in the Peter and
Paul Fortress, Kobzar understood what threatened him with an insult to
the Empress.
He recognizes the "indecency of his works", calls them "vile,"
expresses "repentance in his infamous ingratitude to the people who have
shown him such a high favor." But repentance is belated. The poet has already restored against himself both the Emperor and the leaders of the investigation.
The manager of the Third Department, Leonti Dubelt, and the chief of
the gendarmes, Alexei Orlov, did not conceal contempt for him.
---
"So pushed my way into the palace.
God of endless might!
A paradise indeed! For here
Even the very spongers
Are all gold-smothered ! And, behold,
Tall and grimly sullen
He strides out, and at his side
The Tsarina comes, poor thing,
Like a dried-up mushroom, lanky,
And all bone and skin
And moreover, the poor creature,
Troubled with the Twitch.
So this is what the goddess is!
Gracious! You poor wretch!
And I, poor fool, not having seen
You even once, you marvel,
Was even ready to believe
Your poetasters’ drivel!
What a fool! A dunderhead!
I trusted on my life
A Muscovite! Go, read, and then
Believe them if you like!
After the divinities
Gome the crowds of nobles
In gold and silver! Just like fattened
Boars, bigmugged and bloated!
They get quite sweaty, pushing, shoving,
So that they can gain
A nearer place to Them : Maybe
They’ll hit them, or else deign
To cock a snook—even a small one,"
God of endless might!
A paradise indeed! For here
Even the very spongers
Are all gold-smothered ! And, behold,
Tall and grimly sullen
He strides out, and at his side
The Tsarina comes, poor thing,
Like a dried-up mushroom, lanky,
And all bone and skin
And moreover, the poor creature,
Troubled with the Twitch.
So this is what the goddess is!
Gracious! You poor wretch!
And I, poor fool, not having seen
You even once, you marvel,
Was even ready to believe
Your poetasters’ drivel!
What a fool! A dunderhead!
I trusted on my life
A Muscovite! Go, read, and then
Believe them if you like!
After the divinities
Gome the crowds of nobles
In gold and silver! Just like fattened
Boars, bigmugged and bloated!
They get quite sweaty, pushing, shoving,
So that they can gain
A nearer place to Them : Maybe
They’ll hit them, or else deign
To cock a snook—even a small one,"
Та й пропхався у палати.
Боже мій єдиний!!
Так от де рай! уже нащо
Золотом облиті
Блюдолизи; аж ось і сам,
Високий, сердитий,
Виступає; обок його
Цариця небога,
Мов опеньок засушений,
Тонка, довгонога,
Та ще р;а лихо, сердешне,
Хита головою.
Так оце-то та богиня!
Лишенько з тобою.
А я, дурний, не бачивши
Тебе, цяце, й разу,
Та й повірив тупорилим
Твоїм в рщомазам.
Ото дурний! а ще й битий!"
poetyka.uazone.net/kobzar/son.html
http://taras-shevchenko.infolike.net/the-dream-a-comedy-poem-of-taras-shevchenko-ukrainian-to-english-translation-by-vera-rich.html
--
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kostomarov
| Born | May 16, 1817 Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire |
|---|---|
| Died | April 19, 1885 (aged 67) St Petersburg, Russian Empire |
Nikolay Ivanovich Kostomarov (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Костома́ров, Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov, Ukrainified: Микола Іванович Костомарiв, Mykola Ivanovych Kostomariv; May 16, 1817, vil. Yurasovka, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire – April 19, 1885, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was one of the most distinguished Russian historians, a Professor of History at the Kiev University and later at the St. Petersburg University, an author of many books, including his famous biography of the seventeenth century Hetman of Zaporozhian Cossacks Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and his fundamental 3-volume Russian History in Biographies of its main figures (Russkaya istoriya v zhizneopisaniyakh yeyo glavneyshikh deyateley). Nikolay Kostomarov was so important for Ukrainian culture, that some researchers observe him as a Ukrainian historian, as well as Russian.
Kostomarov's writings reflected the romantic trends of his time. He was an advocate of the use of ethnography and folksong by historians, and claimed to be able to discern the "spirit" of the people, including "national spirit", by this method. On the basis of their folksongs and history, he claimed that the peoples of what he called Northern or Great Rus' on one hand and Southern or Little Rus' on the other (Russians and Ukrainians, respectively) differed in character and formed two separate nationalities. In his famous essay "Two Russian Nationalities" ("Две русские народности"), a landmark in the history of Ukrainian national thought, he propagated what some consider to be the stereotypes of Russians inclined towards autocracy, collectivism, and state-building, and Ukrainians inclined towards liberty, poetry, and individualism.
In his various historical writings, Kostomarov was always very positive about Kievan Rus', about what he considered to be its veche system of popular assemblies, and the later Zaporozhian Cossack brotherhood, which he believed in part was an heir to this system. By contrast, he was always very critical of the old Muscovite autocracy and its leaders. In fact, he gained some popular notoriety in his day by doubting the story of Ivan Susanin, a legendary martyr hero viewed as a savior of Muscovy.
Kostomarov was a very religious man and a devout adherent of the Orthodox Church. He was critical of Catholic and Polish influences on Ukraine throughout the centuries, but, nevertheless, was considered as more open to Catholic culture than many of his Russian contemporaries, and later, the members of the Slavic Benevolent Societies.
Kostomarov was also active in cultural politics in the Russian Empire being a proponent of a Pan-Slavic and federalized political system. He was a major personality in the Ukrainian national awakening, a friend of the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, a defender of the Ukrainian language in literature and in the schools, and a proponent of a populist form of Pan-Slavism, a popular movement in a certain part of the intelligentsia of his time. In the 1840s he founded an illegal political organization called the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kiev (for which he suffered arrest, imprisonment, and exile), and through the 1860s to the 1880s, as a university professor, scientist and well-known writer of political essays he continued to promote the ideas of federalism and populism in Ukrainian and Russian historical thought. He had a profound influence on later Ukrainian historians such as Volodymyr Antonovych and Mykhailo Hrushevsky.
- Mykola Kostomarov, "Two Russian Nationalities" (excerpts), and "A Letter to the Editor of Kolokol," in Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995, ed. Ralph Lindheim and George S. N. Luckyj (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), pp. 122–45. Also available online in Russian;
- Nikolay Kostomarov, "Russian History in Biographies of its main figures", in Russian, available online;
- Dmytro Doroshenko, "A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography," Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US, V-VI, 4 (1957),132-57.
- Thomas M. Prymak, Mykola Kostomarov: A Biography (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), ISBN 0-8020-0758-9.
---
http://polishstudentsocietycolumbia.weebly.com/events-2012-2014.html
http://www.lettere.uniroma1.it/users/oxana-pachlovska
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Taras%20Shevchenko%20National%20University%20of%20Kiev&item_type=topic&sr=100
http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/ukraina/courses/graduate_courses/
http://www.ditext.com/luckyj/methodius.html
"February 1846, when Hulak, Kostomarov, and Bilozersky met with [36] Vasyl Tarnovsky.22 Tarnovsky was a liberal-minded landowner, a graduate of the Nizhyn Lyceum and a good friend of Shevchenko. At this meeting the four discussed the gradual alleviation of the peasants' lot, but they also dwelt on the future development of Ukrainian literature, and they decided that a new history or Ukraine should be commissioned. From another source we know that Hulak believed that this project should be entrusted to Kulish rather than to Kostomarov.23 It was becoming obvious that these two men, one in Kiev, the other in St. Petersburg, still had a great deal to say about their common ideology."
The first and very important conflict between the brethren may be seen in the correspondence between Kostomarov and Kulish. Only a few letters by Kulish are available, but Kostomarov's arguments to which Kulish's letters provide a rebuttal can easily be reconstructed from them. First of all, Kostomarov was defensive about his half-Ukrainian parentage. This, he thought, hardly entitled him to lead a group of Ukrainians. On May 2,1846, Kulish wrote back: "Why do you say that you are not Ukrainian, that you mingle with us only because of humanist ideals? We give you the right to our citizenship. Besides, your mother is Ukrainian. I could not love you as much as I do if I did not regard you as a Ukrainian. Why should one refuse such a precious name?"24 Kulish's next letter was written in reply to Kostomarov, who described to him in some detail his lectures on history, in which Kostomarov pleaded for a broader rather than a nationalistic approach to the study of history. Kulish replied:
Young people taking up the study of Little Russian do not in any way thereby deprive themselves of acquiring a European education. Why take the extremes? One can love one's bucolic khutir and grow enthusiastic about the glittering capital more than somebody who does not live on a khutir. One can know by heart all our songs, legends and chronicles and acquire a high degree of European education. I do not understand why, in your opinion, one excludes the other? . . . Your opinion that in order to learn one's language it is necessary to turn one's back on educated society is quite mistaken. You should only look into the houses from which come the educated people in an enlightened society, such as the Bilozerskys, and see how their children are educated and how they learn their native language. I am also now living not entirely among the ignorant (although the educated ones mostly know less than the Ukrainian peasants) and yet I know the Ukrainian language. You say that one can write only peasant tales in that language. Yet before you there is Shevchenko who in that language and in David's psalms expresses feelings worthy of the highest society. . . . Why do you say that we, Ukraino-maniacs, have in our heads as ideals only peasants, swineherds, chumaks and other such slaves? I do not recognize you in these words. They are scolding and nothing else. A Ukrainian empathizes with Achilles and Alexander the Great, with the Crusades and Henrys and Ludwigs and others, but does it follow that he should leave what is his own and only write about them? Let the Greeks and the Germans write about them. It [37] is enough for us to know about it and we do know it. But to neglect one's own half-literate Hectors and Achilleses only because we have no Pericles, Socrates and Napoleon is the height of folly. And can you, Nikolay Ivanovich, say these terrible words: "I do not accuse those who are cold to whatever is theirs. Man strives for the better and what is better is foreign." No, the living element, without which there will be no harmony in your scholarly and poetic endeavours, has dried up in you. My accusation is strong!
---
https://archive.org/stream/tarasshevchenkob00rylsuoft/tarasshevchenkob00rylsuoft_djvu.txt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuLj9nPfcrs
Published on Sep 23, 2016
Prof.
Andriy Danylenko (Pace University) book launch and presentation "From
the Bible to Shakespeare: Pantelejmon Kuliš (1819–97) and the Formation
of Literary Ukrainian", University of Toronto Toronto, Canada, 22
September 2016
- Maxim Tarnawsky
- 4:40 Andriy Danylenko
- 6:10 Language Kulish introduced in his translations and how they contributed to the formation of standard Ukrainian
- 6:40 Linguistic means
- 7:11 Literary language. At the beginning of his career, Kulish was against any translations into vernacular Ukrainian. And then he suddenly changed his views.
- 8:18 Kulish was a prominent philosopher, historian, writer, and first professional journalist writing in both Ukrainian and Russian on Ukrainian topics
- 9:02 Mykola Kostomarov
- 9:18 Kulish is a bundle of controversies, conflicting views
- 9:28 Serhii Yefremov "Kulish was without any synthesis"
- 10:04 Kulish was a partisan of Ukrainian culture, language. He fought for a full fledged language: His major objective was to create a full fledged standard Ukrainian language
- 11:15 Kulish expressed admiration for Russian Tsars, made humiliating remarks about Taras Shevchenko, debunked myth of Cossacks and their history: for this he was scolded by Ukrainians
- 11:45 Served as a "Director of Spiritual Affairs" for the Russian government administration in Poland. Worked on the Russification of Poland
- 12:00 Worked in archives and worked on his translation of the Bible
- 14:55 George Luckyj
- 16:11 Peculiar normalizer of the Ukrainian language. Tradition of Kharkiv romanticism could not be accepted by younger generation of Galician populists
- 17:00 Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (Іван Нечуй-Левицький), Ivan Franko (Іван Франко)
- Examples of translations
- 48:14 Questions
This video was not sponsored.
- Maxim Tarnawsky
- 4:40 Andriy Danylenko
- 6:10 Language Kulish introduced in his translations and how they contributed to the formation of standard Ukrainian
- 6:40 Linguistic means
- 7:11 Literary language. At the beginning of his career, Kulish was against any translations into vernacular Ukrainian. And then he suddenly changed his views.
- 8:18 Kulish was a prominent philosopher, historian, writer, and first professional journalist writing in both Ukrainian and Russian on Ukrainian topics
- 9:02 Mykola Kostomarov
- 9:18 Kulish is a bundle of controversies, conflicting views
- 9:28 Serhii Yefremov "Kulish was without any synthesis"
- 10:04 Kulish was a partisan of Ukrainian culture, language. He fought for a full fledged language: His major objective was to create a full fledged standard Ukrainian language
- 11:15 Kulish expressed admiration for Russian Tsars, made humiliating remarks about Taras Shevchenko, debunked myth of Cossacks and their history: for this he was scolded by Ukrainians
- 11:45 Served as a "Director of Spiritual Affairs" for the Russian government administration in Poland. Worked on the Russification of Poland
- 12:00 Worked in archives and worked on his translation of the Bible
- 14:55 George Luckyj
- 16:11 Peculiar normalizer of the Ukrainian language. Tradition of Kharkiv romanticism could not be accepted by younger generation of Galician populists
- 17:00 Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (Іван Нечуй-Левицький), Ivan Franko (Іван Франко)
- Examples of translations
- 48:14 Questions
This video was not sponsored.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kostomarov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kostomarov
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/K/O/KostomarovMykola.htm
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/K/O/KostomarovMykola.htm
vs
http://litopys.org.ua/shevchenko/belinsky.htm
vs
http://www.oblrada.kirovograd.ua/event/zvernennya-golovi-oblasnoi-radi-do-dnya-narodzhennya-tarasa-shevchenka-
http://русскоедвижение.рф/index.php/history/52-articles/10580
